One of the key parameters used to assess the magnitude of the individual fire risk based on the appropriate calculation methodology is the evacuation start time. To calculate it, there is a need for information about the time of reaching the threshold value of the fire detector, which can be determined on the basis of a fire simulation for the room in which the fire is located. At the same time, it is required to dynamically evaluate the size of the area at each point of which at the height of the location of fire detectors there is an excess of the threshold value of the acting parameter, which is a rather complex task, the solution of which requires the use of automation. This paper proposes a method for automated assessment of the time for reaching the threshold value of the fire detector response based on the results of fire modeling when determining the calculated values of the individual fire risk. Functional model and basic algorithm of the proposed technology are presented. The developed methodology was tested using the example of modeling a fire in a commercial building based on the FDS software kernel for various scenarios. The results of a comparative analysis of solving the problems of estimating the time for reaching the threshold value of fire detectors for various criteria based on the proposed technology and manual method are presented.

Keywords: individual fire risk, fire dynamics simulation, field fire model, automation, algorithm, FDS

The results of fire dynamics simulation based on the FDS software kernel are a large amount of data describing the dynamics of various parameters in the space of the studied object. Solving various research problems based on them may require quite complex processing, which goes beyond the functionality of existing software solutions. The article is devoted to the method of efficiency increasing for numerical fire dynamics simulation results processing by automating the implementation of relevant operations. The article describes the functional model of the developed technology and its main stages. Approbation of the proposed method was carried out using the example of solving the problem of forming initial data arrays in high spatial and time resolution for the subsequent study of enclosing tunnel structures heating in case of fire. Graphs of the gas medium temperature at various points under the roof of the tunnel structure from the coordinate are presented, as well as temperature fields in the vertical section of the investigated structure in the plane passing through the fire focus at different times. Based on the comparative analysis, it was shown that the speed of calculation results automated processing is several orders of magnitude higher compared to methods that use the functionality of existing software solutions designed to view the output of the fire dynamics simulation.

Keywords: fire dynamics simulation, automation, data processing, tunnel structures, mathematical model, FDS

The article presents a systematic review of scientific works by domestic and foreign authors devoted to modeling fires in tunnels for various purposes. Using the search results in the databases of scientific publications eLIBRARY.RU and Google Scholar, 30 of the most relevant articles were identified that meet the following criteria: the ability to access the full-text version, the material was published in a peer-reviewed publication, the article has a significant number of citations, and the presence of a description of the results of the authors’ own experiments. An analysis was made of the methodology used in the research, as well as the results of studying fires in transport tunnels (road, railway, subway) and mine workings presented in the works. A classification of publications was carried out according to the types of tunnel structures, cross-sectional shape, subject of research, mathematical model used to describe the processes of heat and mass transfer in a gaseous environment and heating of enclosing structures, software used, validation of experimental data, and the use of scaling in modeling. It has been established that the problems of mathematical modeling of fires in deep tunnel structures, as well as modeling of a fire in a tunnel taking into account the operation of fire protection systems, are poorly studied.

Keywords: fire modeling, tunnel, mathematical model, fire prediction, heat transfer, structures, systematic review

The article discusses the possibilities of using virtual reality technologies to organize fire safety training for schoolchildren. The requirements for the virtual simulator are formulated from the point of view of ensuring the possibility of conducting classes on practicing evacuation skills from the building of a specific educational organization. A functional model of a virtual simulator is presented, built on the basis of the methodology of structural analysis and design, describing the process of developing a virtual space with interactive elements and organizing training for the evacuation of students based on it. A semantic description of the control signals of the functional model, its inputs, mechanisms and outputs is given. The contents of the model subsystems are revealed. Requirements for software, hardware and methodological support for training using virtual reality technologies when conducting fire training are formulated. The concept of creating a digital twin of a building of a general education organization in virtual space is substantiated. Examples of improving virtual space by using the results of mathematical modeling of fire are given. The use of visualization of smoke and flame in virtual space is justified to avoid the occurrence of panic in children during evacuation in fire conditions. Conclusions are drawn about the advantages of the proposed virtual simulator. The prospects for further research and solution to the problem of developing skills for evacuating students from a building of a general education organization in case of fire are listed.

Keywords: virtual reality, virtual simulator, virtual space, fire safety, evacuation, fire training, mathematical modeling of fire, educational technologies, functional modeling