This paper examines the evolution of church architecture in Syria from the 4th to the early 6th century. Given the extensive damage to historical sites due to ongoing conflicts, this study relies on a comprehensive analysis of archival records, bibliographic sources, iconographic materials, and regulatory documents. By systematically categorizing churches based on their architectural characteristics and historical context, this research identifies the dominant structural typologies and traces their transformation over time. The findings reveal three primary church forms—hall churches, three-aisled basilicas, and centralized churches—each reflecting distinct regional and chronological developments. The study further assesses material use, spatial organization, and stylistic elements, evaluating their role in shaping Syrian Christian architecture. While certain features, such as exterior moldings and basilica proportions, suggest a unique architectural identity, the evidence remains inconclusive. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of Syrian church architecture and highlights the need for further field studies and preservation efforts.

Keywords: Syria, early Christianity, Christian churches, Syrian church building style, systematization

When designing engineering protection, it is necessary to use modern and progressive technologies. The technical decisions made must comply with the fundamentals of design - economic and operational efficiency. This article discusses the methods and principles of operation necessary for hazard assessment and the development of effective measures to prevent and reduce risks in the design, selection of optimal solutions and recommendations for the development of engineering protection projects. A section of a public highway of local significance in the Krasnodar Territory was selected during the survey. The materials of engineering and geological studies of the slope were used as initial data, which included reconnaissance route observations, engineering and geological workings with soil sampling, and determination of the physico-mechanical characteristics of the soils.

Keywords: engineering protection, surveys, design, stability, reconstruction, soil, landslide slope

Based on statistical data, the article presents a solution to the problem of finding an empirical function that establishes a link between the tourist flow and the proportion of the area of specially protected areas from the total territory of the island. For the analysis, data was collected on 14 islands with a developed tourism industry. Power functions are obtained for two groups of islands with different areas. The obtained dependencies make it possible, at the stage of urban planning analysis of the territory, to determine the permissible value of the tourist flow, which ensures tourist activity based on the principles of sustainable tourism. Using this function, the maximum value of the allowable tourist flow for the island of Socotra has been set, the development of which is focused on the tourism industry.

Keywords: urban development analysis, tourist flow, specially protected natural areas, correlation dependence, approximation, sustainable tourism

Based on statistical processing of various archival data on estate construction by rural landowners of the Kazan province, general information on the number of settlements where estates were built was collected, and the main periods of development and dynamics of this phenomenon for the period from the end of the 16th century to the beginning of the 20th century were identified. As a result of the study, materials were obtained on 438 settlements where landowners' real estate objects were identified. The specified data were summarized in a single table divided into four main periods: from 1557 to 1650 - the beginning of the development period; from 1651 to 1803 - the period of formation of the main territorial groups; from 1804 to 1875 - the period of the most intensive development; from 1876 to 1918 - the period of stabilization and transition to liquidation. These periods made it possible to identify 70 settlements actively involved in estate construction by landowners for more than 200 years.

Keywords: development dynamics, estate construction, landowners, Kazan province, quantitative indicators, periods of existence

The purpose of research is to increase the level of specification of sentiment within the framework of sentiment analysis of Russian-language texts by developing a dataset with an extensive set of emotional categories. The paper discusses the main methods of sentimental analysis and the main emotional models. A software system for decentralizing data tagging has been developed and described. The novelty of this work lies in the fact that to determine the emotional coloring of Russian-language texts, an emotional model is used for the first time, which contains more than 8 emotional classes, namely the model of R. Plutchik. As a result, a new dataset was developed for the study and analysis of emotions. This dataset consists of 24,435 unique records labeled into 32 emotion classes, making it one of the most diverse and detailed datasets in the field. Using the resulting dataset, a neural network was trained that determines the author’s set of emotions when writing text. The resulting dataset provides an opportunity for further research in this area. One of the promising tasks is to enhance the efficiency of neural networks trained on this dataset.

Keywords: sentiment, analysis, model, Robert Plutchik, emotions, markup, text

When evaluating student work, the analysis of written assignments, particularly the analysis of source code, becomes particularly relevant. This article discusses an approach for evaluating the dynamics of feature changes in students' source code. Various metrics of source code are analyzed and key metrics are identified, including quantitative metrics, program control flow complexity metrics, and the TIOBE quality indicator. A set of text data containing program source codes from a website dedicated to practical programming, was used to determine threshold values for each metric and categorize them. The obtained results were used to conduct an analysis of students' source code using a developed service that allows for the evaluation of work based on key features, the observation of dynamics in code indicators, and the understanding of a student's position within the group based on the obtained values.

Keywords: machine learning, text data analysis, program code analysis, digital footprint, data visualization

The work presents the review of modern log trucks under the recent sanctions imposed. The author states that the problem of renewing the existing log trucks becomes urgent for forest transporting and logging companies nowadays. There is a wide range of new basic chassis and trucks at the market to build log trucks with a wheel formula 6x4 and 6x6 produced by Russian, Belorussian and Chinese factories. A great number of trailer links is produced to build log trucks. There is an opportunity to buy used trucks of other companies. For the first stage of the technical and economic analysis and preliminary selection of the optimal type and composition of a logging truck, a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of logging trucks was carried out. The analysis shows that Russian log trucks with engine power more than 400 HP (horsepower) can compete with the best foreign models. Nevertheless, the problem of reliability of Russian, Belorussian and Chinese log trucks needs further research.

Keywords: log trucks, trailer links, productivity, effectiveness

The purpose of this work is to study the thermal stress of the furnace of a fire-tube boiler and its effect on the design of the boiler. To study the effect of thermal stress and furnace proportions on the ratio of heating surface areas, the calculated resistance was tested. Calculations of heat-tube boilers of sectional hot-water boilers with different proportions of the furnace at different thermal loads of the same furnace volume are performed. The calculation of each heating surface is carried out by the method of successive approximations, based in this case on the chord method. In the calculation process, the flue gas temperature at the outlet of the heating surface was first set, and then refined by successive approximations. To reduce the overall balance of the boiler, another global approximation is made when the temperature determined at the outlet of the last heating surface is set at the beginning of the calculation – in the heat balance, where it affects the loss with outgoing gases and the efficiency of the boiler. It is determined that the optimal.

Keywords: energy efficiency, fire-tube boiler, heat supply, thermal voltage, resource conservation

The condition of a vehicle sensor system is an effective indicator used by many other vehicle systems. This article is devoted to the problem of choosing a forecasting method for vehicle sensors. Sensor data are considered as multivariate time series. The aim of the study is to determine the best forecasting model for the type of data under consideration. The LSTM neural network-based method and the VARMA statistical method were chosen for the analysis. These methods are preferred because of their ability to process multivariate series with complex relationships, their flexibility, which allows them to be used for series of varying lengths in a wide variety of scenarios, and the high accuracy of their results in numerous applications. The data and plots of computational experiments are provided, enabling the determination of the preferred option for both single-step and multistep forecasting of multivariate time series, based on the values of error metrics and adaptability to rapid changes in data values.

Keywords: forecasting methods, forecast evaluation, LSTM, VARMA, time series, vehicle sensors system

The relevance of this study is due to the need to ensure the reliability and correction of data received from digital devices. Measurement errors can lead to serious consequences, including loss of resources, unreliable scientific data, and security risks. Therefore, it is important to analyze effective methods that help optimize calibration processes. The purpose of the study is to analyze the existing methods of calibration and verification of the accuracy of digital measuring instruments, as well as their impact on measurement results in various operating conditions. The research methods include a theoretical review and analysis of current scientific papers aimed at identifying recommendations for improving the reliability and accuracy of instrument readings. Special attention is paid to the introduction of modern technologies that contribute to improving the quality of measurements. The study provides an overview of modern methods of calibration and verification of the accuracy of digital measuring instruments. Such approaches as simulation modeling, self-calibration, application of software systems and automation of operations in the verification process are considered. The influence of various factors, including operating conditions and the environment, on the measurement results is also analyzed. As a result, it was revealed that automation of verification significantly reduces the influence of the human factor and improves accuracy. The introduction of modern technologies and quality management systems is key to achieving high standards in the field of measurement. A systematic approach to quality management, including consideration of external conditions, is necessary to increase the accuracy and confidence in measurement results.

Keywords: digital measuring instruments, calibration, accuracy verification, verification, operating conditions, measurement reliability, instrument readings, error

The paper provides a brief overview of publications on the application of mathematical modeling methods in the study of the patterns of functioning of hydroelectric power plants (HPPs). In particular, the following are considered: mathematical models of the total minimum water consumption for a cascade hydropower system in China; a mathematical model of hydropower plants; a mathematical model of two small hydroelectric power plants operating in tandem; accurate modeling of hydraulic transient characteristics in a complex drainage system. The task of filling in the gaps in the data concerning the operation of hydroelectric power plants is formulated. The approach to its solution is proposed to be based on the use of the method described in previous publications by one of the authors and based on the use of regression analysis apparatus. The specific task of filling in data gaps for a hydroelectric unit of one of the Siberian hydroelectric power plants has been solved. The following factors are used: active and reactive power of the electric generator, voltage, current and temperature of the stator iron, rotor current, air cooler hot air temperature.

Keywords: hydroelectric power plant, electric generator, data gaps, predictive analytics, regression model, adequacy criteria

When operating gas distribution systems, the process of releasing various gases into the atmosphere is inevitable, negatively affecting the environment and creating a greenhouse effect. These gases can be either products of combustion of gaseous fuel or the result of natural gas leaks from gas pipelines and equipment. The main articles of gas leaks from gas pipelines and ways to minimize the negative impact on the environment are given.

Keywords: gas distribution system, greenhouse effect, gas combustion, methane, flanged and threaded connections, leaks, safety relief valve

The article considers the requirements of regulatory documents to ensure fire safety during construction and operation of gas distribution pipelines in Russia and China. The different approach to fire risk reduction in the two countries is revealed: more specific and stringent requirements in China and general requirements related to fire hazardous facilities in Russia.

Keywords: fire risks, fire regulations, natural gas combustion, causes of natural gas fires, natural gas transportation, fire safety

The article discusses the issues of modernization of the automated system for filling petroleum products (ASN). The complexity of maintenance of the automated control system due to the lack of up-to-date documentation and updated software, as well as periodic failures and high cost of spare parts became the main reasons for the implementation of modernization. Automatic control systems based on the law of proportional-integral-differential regulation have been developed: using a shut-off control valve with a positional actuator or a frequency converter to control the ACN. Mathematical models of the automatic control system have been developed in the MATLAB program using the Simulink library. An experimental model of a pumping station was assembled in laboratory conditions, and simulation modeling of the operation of an automated control system for a discharge and filling station was carried out. According to the results of experimental studies on the direct characteristics of assessing the quality of the transient process, the graph of a circuit with a frequency converter demonstrates the best results.

Keywords: automated pumping station, petroleum products, mathematical models, PID controller

Occupational safety is one of the important aspects of the organization of work in production. Domestic machines and units used in the food industry do not yet allow to exclude the impact of harmful and dangerous production factors, to make the work of employees safe. In this context, it is important to study active and passive methods of noise and vibration suppression, their effectiveness in ensuring normalized working conditions of workers on the example of a specific production. Existing research, as a rule, focuses on one criterion when choosing protection methods. However, an integrated approach is advisable in solving this problem. The purpose of this study was to choose a rational method of protecting personnel from the effects of noise and vibration based on the economic justification of effective technical solutions. The obtained research results make it possible to take into account the criteria for evaluating the validity and acceptability of choosing a particular protection method, including from the standpoint of technical and economic calculation, when designing a security system. The above study showed the expediency of import substitution in the food and beverage industry, as well as the correlation between the introduced protection systems and an increase in the level of safety. The given algorithm of the feasibility study has the properties of scale and generality. It can be successfully implemented when choosing methods of protection from the effects of other harmful production factors found in various industries.

Keywords: acoustic factor, protection methods, active and passive methods, economic justification, sound pressure levels, experimental data