Central bank digital currencies are a third form of currency, alongside cash and electronic money. As of 2026, 86% of the world's 65 leading central banks were involved in researching the introduction of their own digital currencies. However, central banks use different circulation architectures when developing digital currencies. This article describes these architectures and compares their information security using modeling. The scientific novelty lies in the creation of a mathematical model of a central bank digital currency platform with different architectures and a comparison of their characteristics. The research methods used in this article include analysis, synthesis of data from various sources, induction, and modeling. The result of this article is a model of a central bank digital currency platform and a quantitative assessment of the level of information security. The objective of the article is to quantitatively evaluate the key security indicators of a hybrid architecture and a fully permitted architecture under real-world cyberattack profiles.

Keywords: centralized architecture, central banks, information security, modeling, digital ruble, hybrid architecture

The article considers the directions of development of energy, transport and water facilities through the use of liquefied natural gas.

Keywords: liquefied natural gas, energy, methane, motor transport

The simulation of two-dimensional spherical crystals consisting of a large number of particles is carried out. These shells were analyzed based on their geometric structure and energy distribution. Various types of defects formed in a state of equilibrium  is considered. Being shown the ambiguity of the existing method of their interpretation. A new way of describing such defects in the close-packed two-dimensional crystals with different topology is suggested.  

Keywords: topological defects, two-dimensional materials, spherical crystals, topological charge

`

Keywords: