The paper presents an analysis of third-generation spiking neural networks application to solving regression tasks. It considers the main models of spiking neurons (LIF, Izhikevich, Hodgkin-Huxley) from the perspective of their computational complexity and suitability for regression problems. Methods for encoding real-valued data into spike sequences are analyzed: rate coding, temporal coding, and population coding. Special attention is given to methods of decoding output spikes into continuous values, including rate decoding, first spike timing decoding, membrane potential decoding, and population voting. An assessment of the energy efficiency of various approaches is conducted, demonstrating a 100-200 fold reduction in energy consumption compared to traditional neural networks while maintaining acceptable accuracy. The research results confirm the promising application of spiking networks in embedded systems and Internet of Things devices.

Keywords: spiking neural networks, spike neuron model, spike coding, regression, energy efficiency

The article presents the results of a study of the security of the command transmission channel for unmanned aircraft (UAV) using the example of an FPV drone. The research was carried out in an anechoic shielded chamber of a specialized landfill with certified measuring equipment. The results of measurements of the spectral panorama and the possibility of passive interception of signals in the radio are presented. The relevance of ensuring safe operation of the UAV is shown, as well as the vulnerability of the ELRS protocol to control interception. Recommendations on the use of cryptographic algorithms to neutralize security threats are given.

Keywords: unmanned aircraft, UAV, FPV drone, ExpressLRS, FHSS, SDR receiver, safe operation, information protection, vulnerabilities, unauthorized access, control interception, identification phrase

The aim of this study is to evaluate the environmental and economic efficiency of using hydrogen-natural gas mixtures in existing fuel systems. The work is based on a stoichiometric calculation of emissions and a comparative cost analysis. It was found that the linear relationship between the hydrogen content and CO₂ emission reduction allows for a 30% reduction for a mixture containing 30% vol. H₂. Water vapor emissions are also reduced by 15%, which is explained by the difference in the combustion stoichiometry of methane and hydrogen. The article substantiates the economic feasibility of this technology when using inexpensive hydrogen produced locally, for example, through waste recycling.

Keywords: gas, natural gas, hydrogen, greenhouse gases, gas mixture, carbon dioxide

The article examines the features of adaptive design in construction as a fundamental component for ensuring life safety in the zone of a special military operation. The modern world is changing at an incredible pace: climate anomalies are becoming more frequent, technological paradigms are being replaced within years, and social and economic conditions are undergoing constant transformations. Nowhere are these challenges manifested as acutely and concentratedly as in the zone of a special military operation (SMO). It is precisely here that the traditional approach to construction, focused on creating static, "frozen" objects, proves not only ineffective but also dangerous. It is being replaced by adaptive design – a philosophy and methodology that views a building or infrastructure object not as a final product, but as a living, evolving organism capable of evolving in response to direct threats and changing operational conditions. Adaptive design is a strategy for creating architectural objects and urban planning systems that can be easily modified, transformed, or repurposed in response to changes in external or internal conditions. In peacetime, this is a response to changing markets and technologies. In the zone of a special military operation, it is a matter of ensuring life safety. This is not simply post-factum repair or reconstruction, but the inherent ability of an object to instantly change its function and protective properties without radical rebuilding. The experience of the special military operation zone has openly proven that adaptive design is not an abstract idea from construction textbooks, but a critically important discipline upon which people's lives and the success of the assigned task depend. The principles of flexibility, modularity, and multifunctionality that are being tested today in extreme conditions will tomorrow become the new standard for the entire construction complex of the Russian Federation. They will form the basis for the restoration of cities, the creation of sustainable civil infrastructure, and the formation of new, anti-crisis architecture capable of withstanding the challenges of both wartime and peacetime. In the zone of a special military operation, architectural heritage is being tested and created, which will remain functional, in demand, and sustainable tomorrow. The future of construction belongs to those who design not for years, but for possibilities.

Keywords: adaptive construction, modern trends, modern design technologies, construction industry, construction processes, special military operation

The results of a study of the shrinkage, mechanical properties, and durability of slag-lime concrete modified with machine and vegetable oils are presented. To determine the effect of the oils, the physical and mechanical properties (setting time, compressive strength, and autogenous shrinkage) were tested. The experimental results show that using oil as a structure modifier for slag-lime concrete can significantly reduce its autogenous shrinkage by reducing surface tension and creating a denser internal structure. It was found that emulsified oils provide superior physical and mechanical properties to concrete compared to non-emulsified oils. The setting time is also longer than in compositions without an organic modifier. The use of emulsified oils reduces the negative properties of slag-lime concrete, such as shrinkage, cracking, and reduced setting time.

Keywords: metallurgical waste, granulated slag, hardening activator, binder, superplasticizer, setting time, spray, strength

In reinforced concrete design standards, the values of concrete strain are taken as average values, whereas the strength characteristics are adopted with a high level of reliability. In the ultimate force method for calculating reinforced concrete structures, the strains of concrete and reinforcement are not directly used in the governing equations. In calculations based on the nonlinear deformation model, the strain values are directly used in the analysis. Using average values of the ultimate strains of concrete reduces the reliability of the obtained results. This study examines the influence of the variability of deformation characteristics of concrete and reinforcement on the load-bearing capacity of eccentrically compressed reinforced concrete elements. It was found that the variability of the deformation characteristics of concrete and reinforcement significantly affects the load-bearing capacity of eccentrically compressed reinforced concrete elements. This influence increases with the reinforcement ratio and depends on the eccentricity of the applied axial force. The reliability and safety of eccentrically compressed reinforced concrete elements decrease significantly when average values of the deformation characteristics of concrete and reinforcement are used in calculations.

Keywords: eccentric compression, reinforced concrete, variability of deformation characteristics, concrete, load-bearing capacity, reinforcement, nonlinear deformation model

This article examines the preservation of Kirovsk's historic character in the context of its contemporary development. The factors that influenced the development of cities on the Kola Peninsula in the first half of the 20th century are considered. It provides a brief chronicle of the emergence and development of Kirovsk as one of the key industrial centers of the Murmansk Region. The historical path of formation of urban development in the 1930s - 1950s is analyzed, and its specific features are identified. The current state and protection of Kirovsk's architectural heritage are highlighted, identifying threats to the loss of historic buildings caused by natural physical deterioration and processes leading to the loss of their original appearance. Proposals are presented for the preservation of significant elements of the planning, development and individual buildings that have historical and artistic value.

Keywords: architectural and urban development, architectural and planning structure, constructivism, stalinist neoclassicism, object of cultural heritage, adaptation, conservation, historical appearance of the building

This article proposes a systematization of models for integrating university and urban public spaces. Based on an analysis of boundary permeability, functional zoning, and management models, four main types of interaction are identified: full integration, cluster integration, buffer integration, and isolation. Key characteristics, advantages, and risks are identified for each model, providing a practical tool for designing new educational environments that balance openness and academic autonomy. Attention is paid to the analysis of the management of integration processes, including hybrid governance and co-governance models necessary for overcoming institutional barriers. The study demonstrates that the cluster and buffer models are the most balanced and adaptive for contemporary Russian conditions, combining synergy with the urban environment while preserving academic identity.The proposed classification serves as a practical tool for designing campuses that balance openness and academic autonomy and can be used in developing concepts for modern educational environments.

Keywords: public spaces, university campus, urban public spaces, integration models, border permeability.

The article discusses the issues of stability of single-layer cylindrical rod roofs and establishes the suitability of the theory of thin solid shells for similar-shaped core structures. An analysis of the factors was carried out to determine the magnitude of the critical load and the need to take into account the parameter characterizing the change in the geometry of the structure along the arc of the circle was proved. The values and ratio of flexural and membrane stiffness are obtained depending on the possible number of half-waves of the shape of the loss of stability, and a pattern for determining the critical load is established.

Keywords: cylindrical rod roofs, stability, critical load, stiffness, number of half-waves

The article presents the compositions and technology of preparation of fine-grained concrete using modifying additives and superplasticizers. It is proposed to use waste from thermal power plants in the form of carbon black as a modifying additive. Depending on the amount of soot, parameters of the mobility of the mixture and indicators of compressive and flexural strength were determined. The optimal consumption of soot waste in the amount of 1.0% of the binder weight was established, at which the maximum parameters of the mobility of the mixture and the strength of fine-grained concrete were obtained. The complex effect of soot waste and super-plasticizer on the change in the physical and mechanical properties of concrete is considered. The combined use of soot and a plasticizing additive in a 1:1 ratio contributed to an increase in the mobility and tensile strength of the hardened fine-grained concrete during compression and flexural stress. The method of electromagnetic activation in a linear induction rotator was used to prepare dry mixtures.

Keywords: fine-grained concretes, soot waste, superplasticizer, electromechanical reinforcement, mobility, strength

The article examines the aspects of using bionics as a basis for adaptive architecture and construction in the conditions of the North Caucasus. Modern architecture is undergoing a shift from static and resource-intensive models to dynamic, intelligent and environmentally oriented systems. This approach is particularly relevant for regions with difficult climatic and landscape conditions, such as the North Caucasus, where traditional construction is often unable to effectively withstand the challenges of sudden temperature fluctuations, seismic activity, strong winds and high insolation. This article substantiates the thesis that the integration of bionics principles into adaptive construction offers not just innovative solutions, but a holistic design philosophy based on centuries of experience in the evolution of natural systems. It is proved that bionics is not an alien concept for the region, but, on the contrary, finds deep parallels in traditional mountain architecture, such as in tower complexes demonstrating organic integration into the landscape and effective thermoregulation, similar to natural prototypes. The paper discusses specific areas of application of bionic principles, including the development of adaptive facades inspired by plant and animal thermoregulation systems, as well as the creation of earthquake-resistant structures similar to the flexible structures of bamboo stems or trees. Special attention is paid to the design methodology that combines the analysis of local conditions, biomimicry methods and the integration of modern digital technologies such as computer modeling and 3D printing to create unique, energy-efficient facilities. The need for synergy between traditional architectural knowledge and innovative technologies is emphasized, which makes it possible to create buildings that not only adapt to the environment, but also reflect the unique cultural identity of the North Caucasus. In conclusion, it is argued that bionics is a logical and promising direction for the architectural development of the region, ensuring the creation of a sustainable, safe and comfortable living environment through harmonization with the natural context.

Keywords: construction, bionics, modern trends, modern design technologies, construction industry, biomimicry, adaptive architecture, North Caucasus

The article explores the experience of adaptive reuse and the redevelopment of the former Vena Plant, located within the “Gray Belt” of St. Petersburg. Using this case study, it analyzes the fundamental principles of industrial site refunctionalization, as well as the strategies employed to preserve architectural heritage while integrating it into a contemporary urban context.

Keywords: adaptive reuse, urban greening, high-quality residential environment, Gray Belt, spirit of place (genius loci), industrial facilities, Vena Plant, residential complex, cultural heritage

This article explores the mutual influence between the phenomenon of pilgrimage and the architecture of sacred structures on the Way of St. James to Santiago de Compostela, a route that gained paramount importance for European Christians after the Holy Land sites became inaccessible in the Middle Ages. The primary objective is to analyze how the architectural design of churches actively shaped the psychological and spiritual experience of pilgrims. The study employs Richard Sennett's concept of "Mind-Sight" (Умо-Зрение) as its theoretical framework, which posits that spatial perception is formed through movement, tactile sensations, and interaction with the environment, rather than through visual contemplation alone. The research is grounded in the examination of specific case studies along the route, including the churches of Le Puy-en-Velay, Rocamadour, Cahors, Burgos, Oviedo, and the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. The authors demonstrate that these churches functioned as multi-level shelters—providing physical protection, ecclesiastical sanctuary, and divine refuge—which directly determined their architectural appearance. Through massive walls, stone vaults, elevated locations, or integration into caves, the architecture evoked feelings of security, reverence, and humility. The study concludes that these structures were not passive backdrops but active participants in the pilgrim's journey, transforming the pilgrimage into a continuous architectural and psychological experience that prepared the traveler for the final encounter with the sacred.

Keywords: the Way of St. James, pilgrimage churches, medieval architecture, Gothic architecture, Romanesque architecture

The aim of this work is to determine the physico-mechanical properties of modified wood (pine) to study the possibility of its use in parquet flooring.
The proposed modification method involves heating the wood using microwave technology and pressing it into a square cross-section. The density of pine increases significantly with the proposed technology and exceeds that of oak. The static hardness of the modified pine falls into the category of hardwoods. The core part of the sample is pressed more densely and belongs to the category of very hardwoods.
The compressive strength of the wood along the grain is 4 to 6 times greater than its strength across the grain. Therefore, from the perspective of compressive loads, parquet elements in the form of end-grain blocks are preferable. The compressive strength along the grain of the modified wood is practically equal to that of oak. The shear strength is probably the most vulnerable and, consequently, the most important strength characteristic for the proposed type of parquet; it is 10–13 MPa, compared to 6–12 MPa for common wood species.
Shrinkage and swelling of wood occur due to the removal of bound moisture from the cell walls; that is, if the wood's moisture content falls below the fiber saturation point, shrinkage reaches its maximum value. The proposed wood modification method (microwave technology) helps to avoid structural distortions associated with shrinkage. When wood is moistened up to its fiber saturation point, the wood cell walls thicken and swell, leading to an increase in the dimensions and volume of wooden products. The conducted experiments on the kinetics of swelling show that the modified wood is highly sensitive to changes in ambient humidity, which will undoubtedly lead to warping of the parquet. Therefore, this material can be recommended for use only on the condition that a completely waterproof coating is applied to the surface of the product. The thickness of the lacquer film should be at least 60 microns, and the quality of the lacquer coating should be no lower than class 3.

Keywords: wood, modified wood, determination of wood properties, mechanical properties of wood, influence of moisture on wood properties, wood swelling, parquet

Axial tests demonstrate that strengthening reinforced concrete columns with carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) significantly improves their performance through lateral restraint. The circular winding creates a triaxial compression effect, increasing concrete strength and load-bearing capacity. The slows of carbon fiber brittle fracture, increases ductility, suppresses microcracks, and improves seismic resistance. This technology is lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and has low operating costs.
The effectiveness of the reinforcement depends on the number of layers and the winding pitch. Cylindrical columns respond better to reinforcement; square columns require rounded corners (radius ≥20 mm) to prevent stress concentration. Two to three layers of CFRP are recommended. This method is particularly effective for columns with insufficient load-bearing capacity, low ductility, or in seismic conditions.

Keywords: carbon fiber, reinforcement for reinforced concrete columns, compressive load bearing capacity

This paper provides an overview of modern stochastic and analytical models describing the effect of reinforcement corrosion on the system reliability and residual load-bearing capacity of reinforced concrete beams. Special attention is given to pitting corrosion as the dominant mechanism of strength degradation. Methods for estimating initiation time and progression of corrosion are summarized; criteria for the transition from ductile to brittle failure mechanisms and the assessment of moment redistribution losses are analyzed. Practical recommendations are provided for adjusting safety factors during the design and operation of such structures under high variability conditions.

Keywords: reinforced concrete, rebar, corrosion, pitting, system reliability, degradation, Gumbel distribution, reliability index, moment redistribution

This paper presents a comprehensive experimental study of an innovative reinforcement technique for reinforced concrete columns based on the combined use of steel and carbon fiber. The rationale for the relevance of the study is presented by analyzing existing technologies for reinforcing reinforced concrete elements subject to compression, with an emphasis on their limitations taken into account when developing a new approach. To assess the impact of the large–scale factor of the innovative reinforcement method based on steel and composite, two groups of samples of reinforced concrete columns (46 in total) of varying flexibility were designed and tested for axial and off-center compression before destruction. The key parameters of the study were the flexibility of the columns, the magnitude of the load eccentricity, the presence of internal and external steel reinforcement, as well as the pitch and cross-sectional area of the composite reinforcement. The effect of these factors on the nature of fracture, ultimate strength, maximum stress and deformation characteristics of columns reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) reinforced carbon fiber is studied. The results demonstrated that reinforced concrete columns reinforced with CFRP, with identical dimensions and the same loading conditions, have a different increase in ultimate strength compared to their non-reinforced counterparts. The peak stress increases with an increase in the cross-sectional area of the steel reinforcement and decreases with an increase in the pitch of the composite clamps. The maximum axial deformations of reinforced samples increase with a decrease in the interval between composite clamps. The difference in the cross-sectional area of composite reinforcement has no significant effect on the bearing capacity and ultimate deformations of reinforced concrete structures.

Keywords: reinforced concrete, column, metal, testing, composite material, Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer, strengthening

This paper highlights the problem of determining the durability of water heating systems based on a comprehensive analysis of oxygen permeability and corrosion processes. The focus is on electrochemical corrosion of the steel elements of the system. Such types of corrosion as general, local, pitting and ulcerous are considered. Various experimental data were analyzed and quantitative dependences of corrosion rate, corrosion permeability and depth of ulcer corrosion depending on coolant temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration were obtained from them. For water heating systems with polymer pipes without an oxygen barrier, a methodology for calculating the dynamics of oxygen concentration in the coolant has been proposed. A criterion for assessing the durability of the system has been developed, which connects the accumulated depth of peptic ulcer corrosion with the wall thickness of the most thin-walled element. It has been shown that the durability of the system directly depends on the initial oxygen content and oxygen permeability of polymer pipes. The proposed method makes it possible to predict durability and plan equipment replacement, preventing accidents.

Keywords: corrosion, pitting corrosion, heating systems, polymer pipes, heat carrier, oxygen permeability, durability

The article presents numerical modeling of flow dividers (separators) with different hole diameters (3.5 mm, 7.0 mm, 14.0 mm) to prevent cavitation damage. The hole diameters, number, and rows in the separators have equivalent significance, as they determine the distribution of local velocities and pressures in the flow. This minimizes the risk of vapor bubble formation and subsequent collapse, which can lead to erosion of metal surfaces. For clarity, the simulation results are presented in the form of pictures of the distribution of pressure and velocities in each of the separators with different diameters. In order to prevent cavitation, the authors have presented a design of a "short-stroke" valve in which it is allowed to use flow dividers with enlarged holes.

Keywords: valve, cavitation, distribution pattern, separator, holes, rotation, simulation, flow divider

An ensemble of models for predicting the position of a mobile robot moving in an unstructured environment is presented. An architecture has been developed that integrates a kinematic motion model with trainable models utilizing elevation map data and semantic segmentation. The principles for constructing a spatial feature map are described, incorporating geometric characteristics such as the terrain roughness index and a fuzzy traversability index. A modular structure of the following blocks is proposed: data preprocessing, geometric property computation, segmentation, and decision-making. Test results demonstrate the advantage of combining kinematic and sensor-based models for autonomous navigation in complex environments.

Keywords: traversability model, elevation map, point cloud, kinematic model, segmentation, machine learning, feature map

The article is devoted to assessing the influence of possible inhomogeneities in the layers of road pavements on the results of backcalculation of elastic moduli based on testing data of falling weight deflectometres (FWD). The article discusses the influence of different locations of theoretically specified inhomogeneities of structural layers within the roadway. Additionally, the influence of the location of the edge of the pavement on the results of calculating elastic moduli by backcalculation is considered. The conducted numerical experiment confirms that possible inhomogeneities of the road pavement can significantly influence the results of reverse calculations, and as a consequence, the decision-making on the appointment of repair measures. The boundaries are also determined at which the presence of a shoulder with a pavement design that differs from the roadway significantly distorts the results obtained. At the end of the work, ways to practically take into account inhomogeneities and further improve the method of inverse calculation of the elastic moduli of non-rigid road pavements are proposed.

Keywords: dynamic loading system, road pavement,structural layers, deflection bowl, asphalt concrete, elastic modulus, backcalculation, heterogeneity of layers, roadway, roadside

The calculation of wind loads on curtain facades and their fastening elements for high-rise buildings and structures using engineering methods and various numerical techniques remains an important task to this day. The corner sections of the building, where the greatest negative wind pressure occurs, are of particular interest. Incorrect calculation of wind suction can lead to the separation of panels during strong winds. The article calculates the peak wind load using a numerical method for a rectangular building with an aspect ratio of 0.6. Numerical calculations of the two-dimensional flow around the building profile in the ANSYS Fluent program using the k-e Realizable turbulence model were used to obtain the coefficients of drag, lateral force, and the distribution of the pressure coefficient at maximum lateral force. The calculations showed that the wind suction at the edge of the building exceeds the standard value by approximately 30%. The results obtained in the article should be taken into account when designing the facade.

Keywords: peak wind load, wind suction, rectangular buildings, peak negative aerodynamic pressure coefficient

The article examines a functional-dynamic model of implementing intelligent digital platforms and solutions, whose governing role in the development of a macroeconomic system is taken into account using a feedback mechanism. The relevance of the study is demonstrated in the context of active digital transformation of industries. The mathematical form of the model under consideration is a system of nonlinear differential equations of an evolutionary type, similar to dynamic models of the development of biological communities. An analysis of a macrosystem influenced by innovative technologies is carried out. As such a system, a two-sector macrostructure is considered, simulating the impact through the implementation and use of intelligent digital platforms (IDP) of two related industries, which are the transport and logistics and manufacturing sectors. The objective of the work is to study the stable states of such a structure. The model allows for taking into account the influence of investments in IDPs based on the principle of their proportionality to the growth rates of return on assets in these industries. In the work, quantitative estimates of the parameters of the original model are adjusted. An analysis of the macrosystem is carried out under conditions of different development rates of the interacting industries. The stability of the system according to Lyapunov is studied. An asymptotic approximation ‒ a solution to the problem ‒ was constructed using A.B. Vasil’eva's boundary layer decomposition method. The results describe the process of self-organization in a stable model of interaction between two related industries, supported by integrated digital platforms.

Keywords: functional-dynamic model, intelligent digital platforms, two-sector macrostructure, transport and logistics industry, production, sustainability, inter-industry interaction, asymptotic analysis, boundary layer function method